AI in other disciplines

Philosophy

Mind and Brain Portal
Main article: Philosophy of artificial intelligence
The strong AI vs. weak AI debate ("can a man-made artifact be conscious?") is still a hot topic amongst AI philosophers. This involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. Most notably Roger Penrose in his book The Emperor's New Mind and John Searle with his "Chinese room" thought experiment argue that true consciousness cannot be achieved by formal logic systems, while Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach and Daniel Dennett in Consciousness Explained argue in favour of functionalism. In many strong AI supporters' opinions, artificial consciousness is considered the holy grail of artificial intelligence. Edsger Dijkstra famously opined that the debate had little importance: "The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than the question of whether a submarine can swim."
Epistemology, the study of knowledge, also makes contact with AI, as engineers find themselves debating similar questions to philosophers about how best to represent and use knowledge and information (e.g., semantic networks).

Neuro-psychology
Main article: Cognitive science
Techniques and technologies in AI which have been directly derived from neuroscience include neural networks, Hebbian learning and the relatively new field of Hierarchical Temporal Memory which simulates the architecture of the neocortex.

Computer Science
Notable examples include the languages LISP and Prolog, which were invented for AI research but are now used for non-AI tasks. Hacker culture first sprang from AI laboratories, in particular the MIT AI Lab, home at various times to such luminaries as John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Seymour Papert (who developed Logo there) and Terry Winograd (who abandoned AI after developing SHRDLU).

Business
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition (BBC News, 2001).[8] A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical information. Many practical applications are dependent on artificial neural networks, networks that pattern their organization in mimicry of a brain's neurons, which have been found to excel in pattern recognition. Financial institutions have long used such systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. Neural networks are also being widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text recognition, medical diagnosis (such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software), data mining, and e-mail spam filtering.
Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. General Motors uses around 16,000 robots for tasks such as painting, welding, and assembly. Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in the world. In 1995, 700,000 robots were in use worldwide; over 500,000 of which were from Japan.[9]

Fiction
Main article: Artificial intelligence in fiction
In science fiction AI is most commonly portrayed as an upcoming power trying to overthrow human authority (society controlled by a supercomputer) or as futuristic humanoid service robots. Alternative plots depict civilizations which chose to be managed by AI or to ban AI completely. Best known examples include films such as The Matrix and Artificial Intelligence: A.I.
The inevitability of world domination by AI is also argued by some science/futurist writers such as Kevin Warwick, Hans Moravec and Isaac Asimov. This concept is also explored in the Uncanny Valley hypothesis.

Toys and games
The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to massproduce domestically aimed-types of basic Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing with various types of A.I, specifically in the form of Tamogatchis and Giga Pets, the Internet(ex. basic search engine interfaces are one simple form), and the first widely released robot, Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy.